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Which type of cybersecurity threat collects information from a system without authorization?
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Spyware is malicious software specifically designed to covertly collect information from a user's device or network without authorization. It can monitor browsing habits, capture credentials, log keystrokes, or harvest system and application data, then send this information to an attacker.
Why C is correct: Spyware's core purpose is unauthorized information collection, aligning exactly with the description in the question.
Why the others are incorrect:
A . Ransomware -- Encrypts or locks data/systems and demands payment for restoration; its primary goal is extortion, not information collection.
B . Brute force attack -- A method of systematically guessing passwords or keys; it is an attack technique, not software focused on secretly gathering data.
D . Man-in-the-middle -- An attacker intercepts and possibly alters communication between two parties; while it can be used to capture information, it is a network attack position, not specifically malware installed on a system for ongoing data collection like spyware.
Which hacking method involves forging the from address so that replies go to an unintended audience?
Definition of Spoofing:
Spoofing involves forging the 'from' address in communications (e.g., emails) so that replies or interactions are misdirected.
Attackers use this method to impersonate trusted entities, steal sensitive information, or redirect responses to malicious actors.
Impact of Spoofing:
Misleads recipients into sharing sensitive information.
Often used in phishing and social engineering attacks.
Incorrect Options Analysis:
A . Packet tampering: Involves altering data packets during transmission.
C . Spyware: Refers to software that secretly monitors user activity.
D . Hoaxes: Refers to false warnings or scams, not address forgery.
and Documents of Information Technology Management:
'Email Security and Spoofing Prevention' (NIST Cybersecurity Framework).
ITIL Security Management Practices (Axelos).
What is a common risk associated with outsourcing software development?
Common Risks of Outsourcing Software Development:
One of the most significant risks is the potential for breaches of confidential information.
Outsourcing often involves sharing sensitive company data with third-party vendors, increasing the risk of data misuse or leaks.
Why This Risk is Common:
Outsourcing partners may not have the same level of security measures as the organization.
Compliance issues can arise if vendors do not adhere to industry regulations.
Incorrect Options Analysis:
B . High cost of developers' salaries: Outsourcing is generally cost-effective compared to in-house salaries.
C . Lack of flexibility: Many outsourcing providers are designed to adapt to changes.
D . Short-term contracts: While challenging, these are manageable compared to confidentiality risks.
and Documents of Information Technology Management:
'Mitigating Outsourcing Risks: Confidentiality and Compliance' (Gartner).
ISO/IEC 27001 Security Standards (Data Protection in Outsourcing).
An inventory manager is using a company's customer relationship management (CRM) system to determine how much inventory to pre-order for an upcoming sales promotion.
Which phase of CRM does this describe?
Understanding CRM Phases:
CRM systems encompass phases such as reporting, analyzing, and predicting to support business operations and decision-making.
The predicting phase uses historical data to forecast future trends, behaviors, or requirements.
Application in the Scenario:
The inventory manager is using CRM data to forecast how much inventory to pre-order for a sales promotion, aligning with the predicting phase.
This involves evaluating past sales trends and customer behaviors to anticipate demand.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
Option B (Defining): This phase does not exist in CRM processes.
Option C (Reporting): Reporting provides data summaries but does not forecast future needs.
Option D (Analyzing): Analyzing focuses on identifying patterns but stops short of prediction.
:
CRM Process Phases -- Gartner
'Predictive Analytics in CRM' -- Salesforce
Which minor component holds non-volatile memory?
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores firmware and critical system instructions, such as BIOS. Unlike RAM, ROM retains data even when power is turned off.
:
Hennessy, J. L., & Patterson, D. A. (2017). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann.
