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What relationships are permitted between capabilities and requirements?
Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth
In ArchiMate, Capabilities define the abilities of an organization to achieve a specific objective, while Requirements represent conditions or needs that must be met.
The Assigned To relationship is used to link capabilities to requirements, indicating that a capability fulfills a requirement. The Realization relationship is also valid because capabilities realize higher-level requirements by providing the necessary means to achieve them.
The ArchiMate 3.2 Specification states that a Capability can be assigned to a Requirement and can also realize a Requirement.
Archi User Guide
Consider the diagram:
(A diagram showing three goals: Increase Premium by 12%, Reduce Usage of Consultants by 25%, and Increase Internal Labor Expense by no more than 4%, all connected to Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10% using aggregation relationships.)
What is the best description of the diagram?
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
This diagram represents a goal decomposition model in ArchiMate, specifically illustrating how multiple lower-level goals contribute to a higher-level goal.
The top three goals ('Increase Premium,' 'Reduce Consultant Usage,' and 'Increase Internal Labor Expense') are connected to 'Reduce Expense Ratio' using an aggregation relationship.
Aggregation in ArchiMate indicates that multiple elements together contribute to forming a larger whole.
This means 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' is composed of these three contributing goals.
Analysis of Answer Choices:
A. The goal 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' combines three other goals. Correct Answer
The aggregation relationship used in the diagram indicates that the three top-level goals together support or combine to form the 'Reduce Expense Ratio' goal.
ArchiMate 3.2 Specification, Section 6.4.1, states that Aggregation represents a 'whole-part' relationship, meaning the main goal (Reduce Expense Ratio) is achieved by achieving the contributing goals.
B. The goal 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' will be achieved if at least one of the other three goals is achieved. Incorrect
This would require an Influence or Contribution relationship rather than Aggregation.
Aggregation means all three goals contribute to the overall goal, not just one of them.
C. The goal 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' must be achieved before any of the other three goals is achieved. Incorrect
This would imply a triggering or dependency relationship, which is not present in the diagram.
The diagram does not indicate a sequence of achievements.
D. The goal 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' is similar to the three other goals. Incorrect
The relationship shown is not equivalence or similarity, but aggregation, meaning the three smaller goals form part of the main goal.
Final Answer: A. The goal 'Reduce Expense Ratio from 15% to 10%' combines three other goals.
ArchiMate 3.2 Specification: Sections 6.4.1 (Aggregation) and 6.2.2 (Goal Decomposition).
Archi User Guide: Understanding goal decomposition and strategic planning.
What are external active structure elements also called?
Consider the fragment of the conceptual model of an Architecture Description from ISO/IEC 42010:
(A diagram showing relationships between Stakeholder, Concern, Architecture Description, Model Kind, and elements A & B.)
Which answer correctly identifies A and B?
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
The ISO/IEC 42010 standard defines concepts and relationships for modeling Architecture Descriptions. This standard structures architecture views, models, and viewpoints.
Understanding the Diagram:
Stakeholder identifies Concerns about the architecture.
Concerns are addressed by B, which in turn governs A.
Model Kind governs A, implying that A is an Architecture Model.
Architecture Viewpoints frame concerns but are not depicted as governing A, indicating that B represents an Architecture View rather than a Viewpoint.
This aligns with ISO/IEC 42010, which states:
An Architecture View (B) addresses stakeholder concerns.
An Architecture Model (A) represents an abstraction of the architecture and is governed by Model Kinds.
Analysis of Answer Choices:
A. A = Architecture, B = Architecture Viewpoint Incorrect
Architecture is too broad; the diagram specifically deals with models and views, not the entire architecture.
Viewpoints govern concerns but do not directly govern models as shown in the diagram.
B. A = Viewpoint Library, B = Architecture Rationale Incorrect
A is governed by Model Kind, which means it represents an actual model, not a library of viewpoints.
B is linked to concerns and architecture descriptions, which matches an Architecture View, not a rationale.
C. A = Architecture Model, B = Architecture View Correct Answer
ISO/IEC 42010 states that an Architecture View consists of one or more Architecture Models, fitting this diagram.
The governing relationship from Model Kind to A confirms A is an Architecture Model.
B is addressed by concerns, aligning with how Views address stakeholder concerns in the standard.
D. A = Capability, B = Value Stream Incorrect
Capabilities and Value Streams belong to Business Architecture, not Architecture Descriptions in ISO/IEC 42010.
The diagram follows ISO/IEC 42010 terminology, making this answer irrelevant.
Final Answer: C. A = Architecture Model, B = Architecture View.
ISO/IEC 42010 Standard: Concepts of Architecture Description, Architecture Views, and Models.
What relationships are permitted between capabilities and requirements?
The ArchiMate language defines two relationships that are permitted between capabilities and requirements:
Assigned to: This relationship links a requirement to a core element (such as a business actor, a business service, a business process, an application service, an application component, etc.) that is responsible for realizing it. The core element may be assigned to a capability that enables it to realize the requirement.
Realizes: This relationship links a capability to a requirement that is fully or partially realized by that capability.
