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The SAS log of a submitted DATA step is shown below:
Which action resolve the error messages?
The error messages in the SAS log indicate issues with the treatment of text as a character string. In SAS, character strings must be enclosed in quotation marks. The log shows that 'ABC Inc.' is treated as if it is a variable or an expression, which is causing a syntax error. Enclosing 'ABC Inc.' in quotation marks will correctly identify it as a character string. Therefore, Option B is the correct action to resolve the error messages. This error is evident as the log indicates it was expecting an arithmetic operator, which suggests that the text was misinterpreted as part of an expression.
SAS documentation on character strings and data step options, SAS Institute.
Given the following code:
Which variables are created with the BY statement?
In SAS, when you use a BY statement in a DATA step, SAS creates two temporary variables for each variable listed in the BY statement: one to indicate the first occurrence (FIRST.variable) and another to indicate the last occurrence (LAST.variable) of the value within the BY-group. Given the provided code and assuming that State is the variable used in the BY statement, SAS will create First.State and Last.State. Thus, option A is correct.
SAS documentation on the BY statement, SAS Institute.
Which PROC PRINT statement controls the order of the variables displayed in the report?
In PROC PRINT, the VAR statement is used to control the order of the variables displayed in the report. You can list the variables in the order you want them to appear. The KEEP statement can control which variables appear, but not their order. DROP and SELECT are not valid statements within PROC PRINT for controlling the order of variables.
Reference
SAS documentation for PROC PRINT.
Given the partial report shown below:
Which step will produce this report?
The report shown is a cross-tabulation of 'Region' by 'Product'. The FREQ Procedure indicates that PROC FREQ has been used, and the presence of 'Frequency', 'Percent', 'Row Percent', and 'Column Percent' suggests that a cross tabulation (or contingency table) has been requested. The correct code for this output would include the tables statement to specify the two variables ('Region' and 'Product') with an asterisk between them, which indicates a request for a cross-tabulation of these two categorical variables, and the crosslist option to display the table in a cross-tabulated list format. Therefore, option D is the correct answer:
proc freq data=sashelp.shoes;
tables region*product / crosslist;
run;
Options A and C use the order=freq option incorrectly, as this option would order the table by frequency counts rather than providing a cross-tabulation. Option B is missing the crosslist option needed to produce the cross-tabulated format.
Given the STUDENTS data set below:
What will be the values for First. State and Last. State for Ellen's observation?
When using a BY statement in a DATA step, SAS creates two temporary variables for each BY variable: FIRST.variable and LAST.variable. These are used to indicate the beginning and end of each BY group.
For Ellen's observation:
First.State=1 because this is the first occurrence of the state 'OH' in the dataset when sorted by the state variable, which makes it the beginning of a new group for 'OH'.
Last.State=0 because Ellen is not the last observation
for the state 'OH' group. In the given dataset snippet, there appears to be only one observation for the state 'OH', but since the data is sorted by state, and we don't see another 'OH' below Ellen, we can deduce that Ellen's observation is not the last 'OH' observation in the entire dataset. If there were no more 'OH' observations following Ellen's, then Last.State would be 1.
The FIRST.variable is set to 1 for the first observation in each BY group and 0 for all other observations in the group. Conversely, LAST.variable is set to 1 for the last observation in each BY group and 0 otherwise. Since we're assuming that the dataset is larger than the snippet shown, and the data continues beyond what is visible, we must assume there are more observations for 'OH' unless indicated otherwise.
Reference
'SAS 9.4 Language Reference: Concepts.' SAS Institute Inc.
'BY-Group Processing' in 'SAS Programming 1: Essentials' course material, SAS Institute.
