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Which of the following statements is true regarding Drug-receptor bonds?
Drugs mainly interact with the receptors by means of chemical forces or bonds. There are three major types of drug receptor bonds: - Covalent - Electrostatic - Hydrophobic Covalent bonds are very strong bonds and in most of the cases they are irreversible under biologic conditions. For example, the covalent bond between the acetyl group of aspirin and cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (target enzyme present on the platelets) does not breaks easily. The platelet aggregation effect of aspirin lasts long after free acetyl-salicylic acid has disappeared from the blood (about 15 minutes) and it is reversed only by the synthesis of new cyclo-oxygenase enzyme in new platelets which takes a long time. Hence the effect of aspirin is seen after the drug is stopped. Among the drug receptor interactions, electrostatic bond is much more commonly found than covalent bond. The electrostatic bonds vary from relatively strong linkages between permanently charged ionic molecules to weaker hydrogen bonds and very weak induced dipole interactions such as van der Waals force. The electrostatic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds. Hydrophobic bonds are usually very weak bonds and probably important in the interactions of highly lipid soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes and perhaps in the interactions of the drugs with the internal walls of receptor ''pockets''.
Results from a Meta-analysis where they looked at frequency of postoperative arterial fibrillation in patients on Ascorbic acid after cardiac surgery found odds ratio, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.61). How can you interpret this data?
Odds ratio of 0.44 (44%) means that this group was associated with an event happening 44% of the time, compared to 1 (an event happening 100% of the time if unexposed), therefore 100 - 44 = 56%, which is the reduction caused by the exposure. Exposure is the use of ascorbic acid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1112884/
Mesna is typically administered alongside which of these chemotherapeutic agents?
Mesna is administered to patients taking either ifosfamide or cyclophoshamide to conjugate toxic acrolein and therefore prevent hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder bleeding).
RL is a 54 YOM who's calculated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk is 18 %.
Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy recommendation for CR?
This patient belongs in one of the four statin benefit groups because his estimated 10-year ASCVD risk is over 7.5%. Adults 40 to 75 years of age with LDL--C 70 to 189 mg/dL, with an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk 7.5% and without clinical ASCVD or diabetes should receive either a moderate-intensity or high-intensity statin. Since the extent of reducing the risk of ASCVD is proportionally related to the degree of LDL-C reduction, risk could be reduced more so with a high intensity statin. Considering the given options, Atorvastatin 80 mg PO QHS is the best choice.
You receive an order for 40mg/kg/dose of Amoxicillin every 12 hours. Pt's weight is 18 lbs. You have 250mg/5ml of amoxicillin suspension.
Calculate the total amount in milliliters needed for 10-day supply. Round up your answer to the nearest 1.
If 40mg of amoxicillin are needed per kg of body weight, then the dose of amoxicillin is 40mg multiplied by the
patient's body weight. This patient weighs 18 lbs, based on the conversion of 2.2 lbs = 1 kg, the patient weighs
8.2 kg. 40 mg multiplied by 8.2 kg is equal to 328 mg, this is one dose of amoxicillin. If the amoxicillin comes in 250 mg/5 mL, then it needs to be determined how many mLs it will take to get 328 mg of amoxicillin. In order to do this 328 mg needs to be divided by 250 mg to get a ratio. This comes out to be 1.312. This ratio can be multiplied by the number of mLs it takes to make up 250 mg, which is 5 mLs. 1.312 multiplied by 5 mLs is 6.56 mL, this is how many mLs it will take to have 328 mg. This volume is for 1 single dose of amoxicillin. The patient is receiving 2 doses per day and for a total of 10 days, this means the patient will be receiving 20
doses. 20 doses multiplied by 6.56 mL doses equals the total volume the patient will be receiving, which is
131.2 mL.
