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Which two statements describe an IP fabric? (Choose two.)
An IP fabric is a network topology designed to provide a scalable, low-latency architecture that is typically implemented in modern data centers. It uses spine and leaf switches and enables efficient traffic load sharing across the network.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Spine-Leaf Architecture:
Leaf Devices: These switches connect to servers and edge devices within the data center. Each leaf switch connects to every spine switch.
Spine Devices: These high-performance switches interconnect all the leaf switches. There are no direct connections between leaf switches or spine switches. This architecture ensures that any two endpoints within the fabric are only one hop away from each other, minimizing latency.
Traffic Load Sharing:
An IP fabric leverages Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) to distribute traffic evenly across all available paths between leaf and spine switches, providing effective load balancing. This ensures that no single link becomes a bottleneck and that traffic is distributed efficiently across the network.
Juniper Reference:
Juniper provides QFX Series switches optimized for IP fabric topologies, allowing for scalable deployments in modern data centers.
EVPN-VXLAN: Often used in IP fabrics to extend Layer 2 services across the fabric with Layer 3 underlay, enabling both efficient routing and bridging.
When using spine and leaf fabric architectures, what is the role of each device? (Choose two.)
In a spine-leaf fabric architecture, which is commonly used in data center designs, each device has a distinct role to ensure efficient and scalable network traffic flow.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Spine Nodes:
The spine nodes form the backbone of the fabric and are responsible for transit traffic between leaf nodes. They connect to every leaf switch and provide multiple paths for traffic between leaf nodes, ensuring redundancy and load balancing.
Leaf Nodes:
The leaf nodes are used for host connectivity. These switches connect to servers, storage, or edge routers. They also connect to the spine switches to reach other leaf switches.
Juniper Reference:
Spine-Leaf Architecture: In Juniper's IP fabric designs, spine switches handle inter-leaf communication, while leaf switches manage host and endpoint connectivity.
Exhibit:
R2 received an OSPF update from R1, and it received the same update from R3.
Referring to the exhibit, what will R2 do?
In the exhibit, R2 receives the same OSPF update from both R1 and R3. OSPF has mechanisms to prevent unnecessary processing of duplicate LSAs (Link-State Advertisements).
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
OSPF LSA Processing:
OSPF uses LSAs to exchange link-state information between routers. When a router receives an LSA, it checks if it already has a copy of the LSA in its Link-State Database (LSDB).
Duplicate LSAs:
If R2 has already received and processed the update from R1, it will ignore the update from R3 because it already has the same LSA in its database. OSPF uses the concept of flooding, but it does not reprocess LSAs that it already knows about.
R2 Behavior:
R2 will keep the update from R1 (the first one it received) and will ignore the same LSA from R3, as it is already in the LSDB.
Juniper Reference:
OSPF LSA Processing: Junos adheres to OSPF standards, ensuring that duplicate LSAs are not processed multiple times to avoid unnecessary recalculations.
What information in the Ethernet header is used to populate the bridging table?
The source MAC address in the Ethernet header is used to populate the bridging table (also called the MAC address table) on a switch. When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch examines the source MAC address and records it along with the ingress port in its MAC address table.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Learning Process:
When an Ethernet frame arrives on a switch port, the switch looks at the source MAC address and adds this MAC address to the MAC table along with the port it was received on. This process is called MAC learning.
Purpose:
The switch uses this information to determine the correct port to send frames destined for that MAC address in future transmissions, thus ensuring efficient Layer 2 forwarding.
Juniper Reference:
Ethernet Switching: Juniper switches use source MAC addresses to build and maintain the MAC address table, which is essential for Layer 2 switching.
Which two statements about IBGP are correct? (Choose two.)
IBGP (Internal Border Gateway Protocol) is used to exchange routing information between routers within the same AS (Autonomous System).
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
TTL of 255:
By default, IBGP sessions are established with a TTL (Time to Live) value of 255. This allows IBGP neighbors to communicate over multiple hops within the AS without requiring any additional configuration.
Full Mesh Requirement:
IBGP requires a logical full mesh between all IBGP routers to ensure that routing information is fully distributed within the AS. Since IBGP does not propagate routes learned from one IBGP peer to another by default, a full mesh topology is needed unless route reflectors or BGP confederations are used.
Juniper Reference:
IBGP Full Mesh: Juniper recommends using route reflectors in large networks to simplify IBGP full-mesh requirements.
