The Test Analysis and Design activity of the test process is the activity where test conditions and test cases are identified and specified based on the test objectives and criteria. The Test Analysis and Design activity also involves identifying and preparing the necessary test data and test environment to support the test execution. Some of the tasks of the Test Analysis and Design activity are:

Reviewing the test basis: This task involves reviewing the requirements, specifications, design documents, or other sources of information that form the basis for testing.

Identifying test conditions: This task involves identifying what needs to be tested based on the test basis and objectives.

Designing and prioritizing test cases: This task involves designing specific scenarios or steps to verify each test condition and assigning priorities to them based on their importance or risk level.

Identifying necessary test data to support the test conditions and test cases: This task involves identifying what data is needed to execute each test case and how to obtain or generate it.

Identifying and preparing the test environment: This task involves identifying what hardware, software, network, data, tools, etc., are needed to execute the test cases and how to set up and maintain them.

Measuring the percentage of prepared test cases with what was actually prepared is not a task of the Test Analysis and Design activity because it does not involve identifying or specifying anything related to testing. Rather, it is a task of the Test Monitoring and Control activity, which involves measuring and reporting the progress and status of testing against the planned activities and criteria. You can find more information about the Test Analysis and Design activity inA Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus, Chapter 31.

II, II,I, and V are true statements about test reports. Test reports shall give stakeholders information as basis for decisions (II,), as they provide an overview of the test results, the test coverage, the remaining risks, and the recommendations for the next steps. Test reports shall summarize what happened through a period of testing (II,I), as they describe the test activities, the test objectives, the test methods, the test environment, and the test incidents.Test reports shall include information about remaining risks (V), as they identify the areas of uncertainty or potential failure that may affect the quality or performance of the system under test1defines a test report as follows:

A test report is a document that summarizes and communicates the outcomes of testing to stakeholders. A test report typically includes the following information:

Test summary: A brief overview of the testing process, including the scope, objectives, approach, and results.

Test evaluation: An evaluation of the testing process against the exit criteria and quality standards, including the test coverage, defect status, and risk assessment.

Test conclusion: A conclusion on the suitability of the system under test for release or deployment, based on the test results and evaluation.

Test recommendations: A recommendation on the actions to be taken after testing, such as fixing defects, conducting further testing, or implementing improvements.

I and IV are false statements about test reports. Test reports shall not be approved by the test team (I), as they are usually approved by a higher authority or a designated stakeholder who has the responsibility and authority to make decisions based on the test report. Test reports shall not be approved by the development team, the test team and the customer (IV), as this may cause conflicts of interest or delays in decision making.

The user interface being complicated and confusing is not an appropriate part of an incident report covering the observation of a failure during testing, as it is a subjective opinion and not a factual description of the failure.An incident report should include objective and relevant information that can help to identify, reproduce, and resolve the failure3defines an incident report as follows:

An incident report is a document that records the occurrence of an abnormal or unexpected event during testing, such as a deviation from expected results, a defect in the system under test, or a problem in the test environment. An incident report typically includes the following information:

Identifier: A unique identifier for the incident report.

Summary: A brief description of the incident.

Incident details: A detailed description of the incident, including the inputs, expected results, actual results, environment, date and time, severity, priority, and any other relevant information.

Steps to reproduce: A sequence of steps that can be followed to reproduce the incident.

Attachments: Any screenshots, logs, files, or other artifacts that can help to understand or reproduce the incident.

The correct roles and responsibilities in a formal review are as follows1:

Review Leader - Plans and leads the review process

Scribe - Documents all issues raised during the review meeting

Author - Creates the work product under review

Facilitator - Supports the review leader in conducting the review process

Reviewers - Identify potential defects in the work product under review

Therefore, option B is the correct answer, as it correctly matches the role of scribe with the responsibility of collating potential defects found during the individual review activity.Options A, C, and D are incorrect, as they do not match the roles and responsibilities correctly. Reference:1, Section 3.2.3

State transition testing is the most suitable test technique for this situation. State transition testing is a technique that uses scenarios based on state diagrams to test the behavior of a system or component that can change its state in response to events or inputs. A state diagram is a graphical representation of the states that a system or component can be in, the events or inputs that can trigger a change of state (transitions), and the actions or outputs that can occur as a result of a change of state. In this case, the vending machine for light drinks can be modeled as a state diagram with states such as ''idle'', ''coins inserted'', ''drink selected'', ''drink dispensed'', ''change returned'', ''sold out'', etc., and transitions triggered by events such as ''button pressed'', ''coins inserted'', ''drink dispensed'', ''change returned'', etc. State transition testing can help design test cases that cover all the possible states and transitions of the vending machine and verify its functionality and usability.