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Which of the following is an Internet IPsec protocol to negotiate, establish, modify, and delete security associations, and to exchange key generation and authentication data, independent of the details of any specific key generation technique, key establishment protocol, encryption algorithm, or authentication mechanism?
RFC 2828 (Internet Security Glossary) defines the Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) as an Internet IPsec protocol to negotiate, establish, modify, and delete security associations, and to exchange key generation and authentication data, independent of the details of any specific key generation technique, key establishment protocol, encryption algorithm, or authentication mechanism.
Let's clear up some confusion here first. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a hybrid protocol, it consists of 3 'protocols'
ISAKMP: It's not a key exchange protocol per se, it's a framework on which key exchange protocols operate. ISAKMP is part of IKE. IKE establishs the shared security policy and authenticated keys. ISAKMP is the protocol that specifies the mechanics of the key exchange.
Oakley: Describes the 'modes' of key exchange (e.g. perfect forward secrecy for keys, identity protection, and authentication). Oakley describes a series of key exchanges and services.
SKEME: Provides support for public-key-based key exchange, key distribution centres, and manual installation, it also outlines methods of secure and fast key refreshment.
So yes, IPSec does use IKE, but ISAKMP is part of IKE.
The questions did not ask for the actual key negotiation being done but only for the 'exchange of key generation and authentication data' being done. Under Oakly it would be Diffie Hellman (DH) that would be used for the actual key nogotiation.
The following are incorrect answers:
Simple Key-management for Internet Protocols (SKIP) is a key distribution protocol that uses hybrid encryption to convey session keys that are used to encrypt data in IP packets.
OAKLEY is a key establishment protocol (proposed for IPsec but superseded by IKE) based on the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and designed to be a compatible component of ISAKMP.
IPsec Key Exchange (IKE) is an Internet, IPsec, key-establishment protocol [R2409] (partly based on OAKLEY) that is intended for putting in place authenticated keying material for use with ISAKMP and for other security associations, such as in AH and ESP.
Reference used for this question:
SHIREY,
Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.
Within the OSI model, at what layer are some of the SLIP, CSLIP, PPP control functions provided?
RFC 1661 - The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) specifies that the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP is comprised of three main components:
1 A method for encapsulating multi-protocol datagrams.
2 A Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection.
3 A family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols.
Which one of the following is usually not a benefit resulting from the use of firewalls?
This is not a benefit of a firewall. Most firewalls are limited when it comes to preventing the spread of viruses.
This question is testing your knowledge of Malware and Firewalls. The keywords within the questions are 'usually' and 'virus'. Once again to come up with the correct answer, you must stay within the context of the question and really ask yourself which of the 4 choices is NOT usually done by a firewall.
Some of the latest Appliances such as Unified Threat Management (UTM) devices does have the ability to do virus scanning but most first and second generation firewalls would not have such ability. Remember, the questions is not asking about all possible scenarios that could exist but only about which of the 4 choices presented is the BEST.
For the exam you must know your general classes of Malware. There are generally four major classes of malicious code that fall under the general definition of malware:
1. Virus: Parasitic code that requires human action or insertion, or which attaches itself to another program to facilitate replication and distribution. Virus-infected containers can range from e-mail, documents, and data file macros to boot sectors, partitions, and memory fobs. Viruses were the first iteration of malware and were typically transferred by floppy disks (also known as ''sneakernet'') and injected into memory when the disk was accessed or infected files were transferred from system to system.
2. Worm: Self-propagating code that exploits system or application vulnerabilities to replicate. Once on a system, it may execute embedded routines to alter, destroy, or monitor the system on which it is running, then move on to the next system. A worm is effectively a virus that does not require human interaction or other programs to infect systems.
3. Trojan Horse: Named after the Trojan horse of Greek mythology (and serving a very similar function), a Trojan horse is a general term referring to programs that appear desirable, but actually contain something harmful. A Trojan horse purports to do one thing that the user wants while secretly performing other potentially malicious actions. For example, a user may download a game file, install it, and begin playing the game. Unbeknownst to the user, the application may also install a virus, launch a worm, or install a utility allowing an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system remotely, all without the user's knowledge.
4. Spyware: Prior to its use in malicious activity, spyware was typically a hidden application injected through poor browser security by companies seeking to gain more information about a user's Internet activity. Today, those methods are used to deploy other malware, collect private data, send advertising or commercial messages to a system, or monitor system input, such as keystrokes or mouse clicks.
The following answers are incorrect:
reduces the risks of external threats from malicious hackers. This is incorrect because a firewall can reduce the risks of external threats from malicious hackers.
reduces the threat level on internal system. This is incorrect because a firewall can reduce the threat level on internal system.
allows centralized management and control of services. This is incorrect because a firewall can allow centralize management and control of services.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP
, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 3989-4009). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
What is the length of an MD5 message digest?
A hash algorithm (alternatively, hash 'function') takes binary data, called the message, and produces a condensed representation, called the message digest. A cryptographic hash algorithm is a hash algorithm that is designed to achieve certain security properties. The Federal Information Processing Standard 180-3, Secure Hash Standard, specifies five cryptographic hash algorithms - SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 for federal use in the US; the standard was also widely adopted by the information technology industry and commercial companies.
The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is a widely used cryptographic hash function that produces a 128-bit (16-byte) hash value. Specified in RFC 1321, MD5 has been employed in a wide variety of security applications, and is also commonly used to check data integrity. MD5 was designed by Ron Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function, MD4. An MD5 hash is typically expressed as a 32-digit hexadecimal number.
However, it has since been shown that MD5 is not collision resistant; as such, MD5 is not suitable for applications like SSL certificates or digital signatures that rely on this property. In 1996, a flaw was found with the design of MD5, and while it was not a clearly fatal weakness, cryptographers began recommending the use of other algorithms, such as SHA-1 - which has since been found also to be vulnerable. In 2004, more serious flaws were discovered in MD5, making further use of the algorithm for security purposes questionable - specifically, a group of researchers described how to create a pair of files that share the same MD5 checksum. Further advances were made in breaking MD5 in 2005, 2006, and 2007. In December 2008, a group of researchers used this technique to fake SSL certificate validity, and US-CERT now says that MD5 'should be considered cryptographically broken and unsuitable for further use.' and most U.S. government applications now require the SHA-2 family of hash functions.
NIST CRYPTOGRAPHIC HASH PROJECT
NIST announced a public competition in a Federal Register Notice on November 2, 2007 to develop a new cryptographic hash algorithm, called SHA-3, for standardization. The competition was NIST's response to advances made in the cryptanalysis of hash algorithms.
NIST received sixty-four entries from cryptographers around the world by October 31, 2008, and selected fifty-one first-round candidates in December 2008, fourteen second-round candidates in July 2009, and five finalists -- BLAKE, Grstl, JH, Keccak and Skein, in December 2010 to advance to the third and final round of the competition.
Throughout the competition, the cryptographic community has provided an enormous amount of feedback. Most of the comments were sent to NIST and a public hash forum; in addition, many of the cryptanalysis and performance studies were published as papers in major cryptographic conferences or leading cryptographic journals. NIST also hosted a SHA-3 candidate conference in each round to obtain public feedback. Based on the public comments and internal review of the candidates, NIST announced Keccak as the winner of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition on October 2, 2012, and ended the five-year competition.
Tipton, Harold, et. al., Officical (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, 2007 edition, page 261.
and
https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Md5
and
Which of the following logical access exposures INVOLVES CHANGING data before, or as it is entered into the computer?
It involves changing data before , or as it is entered into the computer or in other words , it refers to the alteration of the existing data.
The other answers are incorrect because :
Salami techniques : A salami attack is the one in which an attacker commits several small crimes with the hope that the overall larger crime will go unnoticed.
Trojan horses: A Trojan Horse is a program that is disguised as another program.
Viruses:A Virus is a small application , or a string of code , that infects applications.
Chapter - 11: Application and System Development, Page : 875-880
Chapter - 10: Law, Investigation and Ethics , Page : 758-759
