The number of focus areas describing a certain governance topic or issue that can be addressed by governance objectives is virtually unlimited. Focus areas are topics or issues that can be addressed by governance objectives, such as digital transformation, cybersecurity, privacy, etc. Focus areas can be defined by any stakeholder or group within or outside the enterprise, depending on their needs and interests.COBIT provides examples of some common focus areas, but they are not exhaustive or prescriptive.13Reference:COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology,COBIT 2019 Design Guide: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution

The industry sector is a design factor that describes the type of business or economic activity that an enterprise engages in. The industry sector influences the governance and management of information and technology in terms of the specific standards, guidelines, regulations, best practices, challenges, opportunities, etc., that are applicable or relevant for that sector. The industry sector that can be characterized by a low level of regulation and a high level of focus on cost is nonprofit enterprises. Nonprofit enterprises are organizations that operate for a social or environmental purpose rather than for profit. Nonprofit enterprises typically have a low level of regulation compared to other sectors such as financial, health care, public, etc., which have more stringent and complex compliance requirements regarding their information and technology activities. Nonprofit enterprises also have a high level of focus on cost, as they have limited resources and funding, and they need to optimize their spending and demonstrate their accountability and transparency to their donors, beneficiaries, partners, etc. Therefore, nonprofit enterprises need to ensure that their information and technology governance system is efficient, effective, and value-driven. Reference:: COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 45-46 : COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology: page 33-34

The ''managed innovation'' management objective of the COBIT core model best describes the outcome of achieving competitive advantage, improving customer experience and improving operational effectiveness. A management objective is a desired outcome of the management processes for information and technology. Managed innovation is one of the 40 management objectives defined by COBIT that describes how to identify, prioritize, and execute innovation initiatives that support the enterprise strategy and objectives.Achieving competitive advantage, improving customer experience and improving operational effectiveness are some of the benefits of managed innovation.12Reference:COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology,COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives

To gain the greatest benefit from the COBIT framework, a stakeholder should have a certain level of experience and a thorough understanding of the entire enterprise. A stakeholder is a person or group that has an interest or concern in an enterprise's activities or outcomes. Examples of stakeholders are board members, executives, managers, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, etc. To gain the greatest benefit from the COBIT framework, a stakeholder should have a certain level of experience in I&T governance or management practices, as well as a thorough understanding of the entire enterprise's vision, mission, values, goals, objectives, strategies, processes, culture, etc.This would help them to apply the COBIT framework effectively and efficiently to their specific context and needs.1Reference:COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology, [COBIT 2019 Framework: Stakeholder Needs]

The transition from traditional waterfall to a more agile approach would impact the implementation method step in the design phase the most. The implementation method is the approach or strategy that is used to put the IT governance system into practice. The design phase is the stage in the IT governance life cycle that involves customizing and tailoring the IT governance system to the specific needs and context of the enterprise.The transition from traditional waterfall to a more agile approach would affect the implementation method step in the design phase because it would require a different way of planning, executing, monitoring, and controlling the IT governance system, as well as a different set of skills, tools, techniques, and practices.12Reference:COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology,COBIT 2019 Design Guide: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution