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Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which contains partial output from an IKE real-time debug.
The administrator does not have access to the remote gateway.
Based on the debug output, which configuration change can the administrator make to the local gateway to resolve the phase 1 negotiation error?
Analyzing Debug Output:
The debug output shows multiple proposals with encryption algorithms like AES CBC and hashing algorithms like SHA256.
The negotiation failure (no SA proposal chosen) suggests that there is a mismatch in the encryption or hashing algorithms between the local and remote gateways.
Configuration Change:
To resolve the phase 1 negotiation error, the local gateway needs to include a compatible proposal.
Adding AES256-SHA256 to the phase 1 proposal configuration ensures that both gateways have a matching set of encryption and hashing algorithms.
Which exchange lakes care of DoS protection in IKEv2?
IKE_SA_INIT Exchange:
The IKE_SA_INIT exchange is the first step in the IKEv2 negotiation process. It is responsible for setting up the initial security association (SA) and performing Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
During this exchange, the responder may employ various measures to protect against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, such as rate limiting and the use of puzzles to increase the computational cost for an attacker.
DoS Protection Mechanisms:
One key method involves limiting the number of half-open SAs from any single IP address or subnet.
The IKE_SA_INIT exchange can also incorporate the use of stateless cookies, which help to verify the initiator's legitimacy without requiring extensive resource allocation by the responder until the initiator is verified.
RFC 5996: Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) (RFC Editor).
Which of the following regarding protocol states is true?
Understanding protocol states:
proto_state=00: Indicates no traffic or a closed session.
proto_state=01: Typically indicates one-way ICMP traffic or a partially established TCP session.
proto_state=10: Indicates an established TCP session, where the session has completed the three-way handshake and both sides can send and receive data.
proto_state=11: Often indicates a fully established and active bidirectional session.
Explanation of correct answer:
proto_state=10 is the correct indication for an established TCP session as it signifies that the session is fully established and active.
Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation
Fortinet Firewall Protocol State Documentation
Which two statements about conserve mode are true? (Choose two.)
Conserve Mode Activation:
FortiGate enters conserve mode to prevent system crashes when the memory usage reaches critical levels. The 'red threshold' is the point at which FortiGate starts dropping new sessions to conserve memory.
When the system memory usage exceeds this threshold, the FortiGate will block new sessions that require significant memory resources, such as those needing content inspection.
Exiting Conserve Mode:
The 'green threshold' is the memory usage level below which FortiGate exits conserve mode and resumes normal operation.
Once the system memory usage drops below this threshold, FortiGate will start allowing new sessions again.
Which statement about IKE and IKE NAT-T is true?
IKE (Internet Key Exchange): IKE is a protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. It is utilized to negotiate, create, and manage SAs.
NAT-T (Network Address Translation-Traversal): NAT-T is used to enable IPsec VPN traffic to pass through NAT devices. It encapsulates IPsec ESP packets into UDP packets.
Transport Protocol: Both IKE and IKE NAT-T use UDP as their transport protocol.
Port Numbers: By default, IKE uses UDP port 500. NAT-T typically uses UDP port 4500. However, these port numbers can be configured as needed.
Fortinet Network Security Support Engineer Study Guide for FortiOS 7.2 (Fortinet Docs) (ebin.pub).
Fortinet Documentation on IPsec VPN Configuration (Fortinet Docs).
