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(In the context of SD-WAN, the terms underlay and overlay are commonly used to categorize links.
Which two statements about underlay and overlay links are correct? Choose two answers.)
In Fortinet SD-WAN architecture, underlay and overlay have distinct meanings:
Underlay links are the physical or logical transport networks that provide basic IP connectivity (for example, broadband, MPLS, LTE/5G).
Overlay links are virtual tunnels (such as IPsec VPNs) built on top of the underlay, providing abstraction, routing control, and segmentation.
Option B is correct.
Overlay links (for example, IPsec tunnels used in SD-WAN and ADVPN) decouple routing from the physical transport. This allows dynamic path selection, segmentation, and flexible routing policies independent of the underlay. Providing routing flexibility is a core purpose of overlays in SD-WAN.
Option D is correct.
Wireless connections such as LTE or 5G can be used as underlay transports, and overlay tunnels can be built over them. Fortinet SD-WAN fully supports building IPsec overlays on wireless underlays, making wireless links valid for overlay construction.
Why the other options are incorrect:
Option A is incorrect because a VLAN is a Layer 2 segmentation mechanism, not an SD-WAN overlay link.
Option C is incorrect because FortiLink is used for internal management and switch/AP connectivity, not as a WAN underlay for SD-WAN.
Option E is incorrect because underlay links can be wired or wireless; they are not limited to wired connections.
Therefore, the two correct statements are B and D.
You are planning a new SD-WAN deployment with the following criteria:
- Two regions
- Most of the traffic is expected to remain within its region
- No requirement for inter-region ADVPN
To remain within the recommended best practices, which routing protocol should you select for the overlays?
For SD-WAN deployments that span multiple regions---where most traffic is intra-region and there is no requirement for inter-region ADVPN---the best practice is to use IBGP with BGP on loopback interfaces for routing within each region and EBGP between the regions. This approach ensures robust and scalable routing, isolates regional routing domains, and enables policy control at region boundaries. BGP on loopback is preferred for its reliability and flexibility, as it enables peering that is not tied to specific physical interfaces. EBGP between regions allows each region to maintain independent routing policies and summarization, optimizing performance and manageability. By separating IBGP (intra-region) and EBGP (inter-region), you create a modular architecture that scales easily and simplifies fault isolation and troubleshooting. Reference:
[FCSS_SDW_AR-7.4 1-0.docx Q10]
Fortinet SD-WAN Reference Architecture Guide 7.4, ''Regional Routing Best Practices''
FortiOS 7.4 SD-WAN Overlay Design Guidelines
When a customer delegate the installation and management of its SD-WAN infrastructure to an MSSP, the MSSP usually keeps the hub within its infrastructure for ease of management and to share costly resources.
In which two situations will the MSSP install the hub in customer premises? (Choose two.)
Refer to the exhibits.
The first exhibit shows the SD-WAN zone HUB1 and SD-WAN member configuration from an SD-WAN template, and the second exhibit shows the output of command diagnose sys sdwan member collected on a FortiGate device.
Which statement best describes what the diagnose output shows?
The diagnose output lists SD-WAN members 4(HUB1-VPN1), 5(HUB1-VPN2), 7(HUB2-VPN1), 8(HUB2-VPN2), and 9(HUB2-VPN3). It does not include member 6 (HUB1-VPN3). From the template, HUB1-VPN3 is installed only on branch2_fgt and branch3_fgt - not on branch1_fgt. Therefore, the output must be from branch1_fgt.
Refer to the exhibits, which show the configuration of an SD-WAN rule and the corresponding rule status and routing table.
The administrator wants to understand the expected behavior for traffic matching the SD-WAN rule.
Based on the exhibits, what can the administrator expect for traffic matching the SD-WAN rule?
The rule is in SLA mode with two SLAs. From the status, HUB1-VPN2 and HUB1-VPN3 meet the SLA (sla(0x2) and sla(0x3)), while HUB1-VPN1 does not (sla(0x0)). Among members that meet SLA, FortiGate uses the configured order (priority-members 4 5 6) to pick the first eligible one---HUB1-VPN2---so traffic is routed over HUB1-VPN2.
