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[System Management]
A Linux administrator needs to restart a server and wants to see if any users are currently connected to it. Which of the following commands should the administrator run to find this information?
A user is asking the systems administrator for assistance with writing a script to verify whether a file exists. Given the following:
Which of the following commands should replace the
The commandif [ -f '$filename' ]; thenchecks if the variable$filenamerefers to a regular file that exists. The-foption is used to test for files. If the condition is true, the commands afterthenare executed. This is the correct way to replace the<CONDITIONAL>string. The other options are incorrect because they either use the wrong option (-dtests for directories), the wrong syntax (missing a semicolon after the condition), or the wrong keyword (whileis used for loops, not conditions).Reference:CompTIA Linux+ (XK0-005) Certification Study Guide, Chapter 16: Writing and Executing Bash Shell Scripts, page 493.
A systems administrator is adding a Linux-based server and removing a Windows-based server from a cloud-based environment. The changes need to be validated before they are applied to the cloud-based environment. Which of the following tools should be used to meet this requirement?
Terraform is a tool for building, changing, and managing infrastructure as code in a cloud-based environment. Terraform uses configuration files to describe the desired state of the infrastructure and applies changes accordingly. Terraform supports various cloud providers, such as AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and more.
To validate changes before they are applied to the cloud-based environment, the administrator can use theterraform plancommand. This command will compare the current state of the infrastructure with the desired state defined in the configuration files and show what actions will be performed to achieve the desired state. This command will not make any changes to the infrastructure but only show a plan of changes. The statement D is correct.
The statements A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not validate changes before they are applied to the cloud-based environment. Ansible is another tool for automating infrastructure management, but it does not have a plan command. Git clone and git pull are commands for working with git repositories, which are used for version control of code.Reference: [How to Use Terraform to Manage Cloud Infrastructure]
A Linux administrator generated a list of users who have root-level command-line access to the Linux server to meet an audit requirement. The administrator analyzes the following /etc/passwd and /etc/sudoers files:
$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x: 0:0: :/home/root: /bin/bash
lee: x: 500: 500: :/home/lee:/bin/tcsh
mallory:x: 501:501: :/root:/bin/bash
eve:x: 502: 502: /home/eve:/bin/nologin
carl:x:0:503: :/home/carl:/bin/sh
bob:x: 504: 504: : /home/bob:/bin/ksh
alice:x: 505:505: :/home/alice:/bin/rsh
$ cat /etc/sudoers
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /bin/tcsh, /bin/sh, /bin/bash
Cmnd_Alias SYSADMIN = /usr/sbin/tcpdump
ALL = (ALL) ALL
ALL = NOPASSWD: SYSADMIN
Which of the following users, in addition to the root user, should be listed in the audit report as having root-level command-line access? (Select two).
The users who have root-level command-line access are those who have either the same user ID (UID) as root, which is 0, or the ability to run commands as root using sudo. Based on the /etc/passwd and /etc/sudoers files, the users who meet these criteria are:
Carl: Carl has the same UID as root, which is 0, as shown in the /etc/passwd file. This means that Carl can log in as root and execute any command with root privileges1
Mallory: Mallory has the ability to run commands as root using sudo, as shown in the /etc/sudoers file. The line ALL = (ALL) ALL means that any user can run any command as any other user, including root, by using sudo. Mallory can also use the root shell /bin/bash as her login shell, as shown in the /etc/passwd file2
Therefore, the correct answer is A and C. Lee, Eve, Bob, and Alice do not have root-level command-line access because they have different UIDs from root and they cannot use sudo to run commands as root. Lee can only use sudo to run the commands listed in the Cmnd_Alias SHELLS, which are /bin/tcsh, /bin/sh, and /bin/bash. Eve cannot log in at all because her login shell is /bin/nologin. Bob and Alice can only use sudo to run the command /usr/sbin/tcpdump without a password, as specified by the Cmnd_Alias SYSADMIN and the line ALL = NOPASSWD: SYSADMIN2
A Linux system fails to start and delivers the following error message:
Which of the following commands can be used to address this issue?
The commandfsck.ext4 /dev/sda1can be used to address the issue. The issue is caused by a corrupted filesystem on the /dev/sda1 partition. The error message shows that the filesystem type is ext4 and the superblock is invalid. The commandfsck.ext4is a tool for checking and repairing ext4 filesystems. The command will scan the partition for errors and attempt to fix them. This command can resolve the issue and allow the system to start. The other options are incorrect because they either do not fix the filesystem (partprobeorfdisk) or destroy the data on the partition (mkfs.ext4).Reference:CompTIA Linux+ (XK0-005) Certification Study Guide, Chapter 10: Managing Storage, page 325.
