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Application A runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind a Network Load Balancer (NLB). The EC2 instances are in an Auto Scaling group and are in the same subnet that is associated with the NLB. Other applications from an on-premises environment cannot communicate with Application A on port 8080.
To troubleshoot the issue, a CloudOps engineer analyzes the flow logs. The flow logs include the following records:
ACCEPT from 192.168.0.13:59003 172.31.16.139:8080
REJECT from 172.31.16.139:8080 192.168.0.13:59003
What is the reason for the rejected traffic?
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract of AWS CloudOps Doocuments:
VPC Flow Logs show the request arriving and being ACCEPTed on dstport 8080 and the corresponding response being REJECTed on the return path to the client's ephemeral port (59003). AWS networking guidance states that security groups are stateful (return traffic is automatically allowed) while network ACLs are stateless and require explicit inbound and outbound rules for both directions. CloudOps operational guidance for VPC networking further notes that when you allow an inbound request (for example, TCP 8080) through a subnet's network ACL, you must also allow the outbound ephemeral port range (typically 1024--65535) for the response traffic; otherwise, the return packets are dropped and appear as REJECT in flow logs. The observed pattern---request accepted to 8080, response rejected to 59003---matches a missing outbound ephemeral-range allow on the subnet's NACL. Therefore, the cause is the subnet NACL, not security groups or on-premises ACLs. The remediation is to add an outbound ALLOW rule on the NACL for the appropriate ephemeral TCP port range back to the on-premises CIDR (and the corresponding inbound rule if asymmetric).
References (AWS CloudOps documents / Study Guide):
* AWS Certified CloudOps Engineer -- Associate (SOA-C03) Exam Guide -- Networking and Content Delivery
* Amazon VPC -- Network ACLs (stateless behavior and rule requirements)
* Amazon VPC -- Security Groups (stateful return traffic)
* VPC Flow Logs -- Record fields, ACCEPT/REJECT analysis
A company has an on-premises DNS solution and wants to resolve DNS records in an Amazon Route 53 private hosted zone for example.com. The company has set up an AWS Direct Connect connection for network connectivity between the on-premises network and the VPC. A CloudOps engineer must ensure that an on-premises server can query records in the example.com domain.
What should the CloudOps engineer do to meet these requirements?
According to AWS Cloud Operations and Networking documentation, Route 53 Resolver inbound endpoints allow DNS queries to originate from on-premises DNS servers and resolve private hosted zone records in AWS. The inbound endpoint provides DNS resolver IP addresses within the VPC, which the on-premises DNS servers can forward queries to over AWS Direct Connect or VPN connections.
The inbound endpoint must be associated with a security group that permits inbound traffic on TCP and UDP port 53 from the on-premises DNS server IP addresses. This ensures that DNS requests from the on-premises environment reach the VPC Resolver for resolution of private domains like example.com.
By contrast, outbound endpoints are used for the opposite direction---resolving external (on-premises or internet) DNS names from within AWS VPCs. Therefore, only an inbound endpoint correctly satisfies the direction of resolution in this scenario.
A company's ecommerce application is running on Amazon EC2 instances that are behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The instances are in an Auto Scaling group. Customers report that the website is occasionally down. When the website is down, it returns an HTTP 500 (server error) status code to customer browsers.
The Auto Scaling group's health check is configured for EC2 status checks, and the instances appear healthy.
Which solution will resolve the problem?
In this scenario, the EC2 instances pass their EC2 status checks, indicating that the operating system is responsive. However, the application hosted on the instance is failing intermittently, returning HTTP 500 errors. This demonstrates a discrepancy between the instance-level health and the application-level health.
According to AWS CloudOps best practices under Monitoring, Logging, Analysis, Remediation and Performance Optimization (SOA-C03 Domain 1), Auto Scaling groups should incorporate Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) health checks instead of relying solely on EC2 status checks. The ELB health check probes the application endpoint (for example, HTTP or HTTPS target group health checks), ensuring that the application itself is functioning correctly.
When an instance fails an ELB health check, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling will automatically mark the instance as unhealthy and replace it with a new one, ensuring continuous availability and performance optimization.
Extract from AWS CloudOps (SOA-C03) Study Guide -- Domain 1:
''Implement monitoring and health checks using ALB and EC2 Auto Scaling integration. Application Load Balancer health checks allow Auto Scaling to terminate and replace instances that fail application-level health checks, ensuring consistent application performance.''
Extract from AWS Auto Scaling Documentation:
''When you enable the ELB health check type for your Auto Scaling group, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling considers both EC2 status checks and Elastic Load Balancing health checks to determine instance health. If an instance fails the ELB health check, it is automatically replaced.''
Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it ensures proper application-level monitoring and remediation using ALB-integrated ELB health checks---a core CloudOps operational practice for proactive incident response and availability assurance.
References (AWS CloudOps Verified Source Extracts):
AWS Certified CloudOps Engineer -- Associate (SOA-C03) Exam Guide: Domain 1 -- Monitoring, Logging, and Remediation.
AWS Auto Scaling User Guide: Health checks for Auto Scaling instances (Elastic Load Balancing integration).
AWS Well-Architected Framework -- Operational Excellence and Reliability Pillars.
AWS Elastic Load Balancing Developer Guide -- Target group health checks and monitoring.
A company's CloudOps engineer monitors multiple AWS accounts in an organization and checks each account's AWS Health Dashboard. After adding 10 new accounts, the engineer wants to consolidate health alerts from all accounts.
Which solution meets this requirement with the least operational effort?
The AWS Cloud Operations and Governance documentation defines that enabling Organizational View in AWS Health allows the management account in AWS Organizations to view and aggregate health events from all member accounts.
This feature provides a single-pane-of-glass view of service health issues, account-specific events, and planned maintenance across the organization --- without requiring additional automation or data pipelines.
Alternative options (B, C, and D) require custom integration and ongoing maintenance. CloudTrail does not natively forward AWS Health events, and custom Lambda or DynamoDB approaches increase complexity.
Therefore, Option A --- enabling the Organizational View feature in AWS Health --- is the most operationally efficient and AWS-recommended solution.
A company needs to enforce tagging requirements for Amazon DynamoDB tables in its AWS accounts. A CloudOps engineer must implement a solution to identify and remediate all DynamoDB tables that do not have the appropriate tags.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
According to the AWS Cloud Operations, Governance, and Compliance documentation, AWS Config provides managed rules that automatically evaluate resource configurations for compliance. The ''required-tags'' managed rule allows CloudOps teams to specify mandatory tags (e.g., Environment, Owner, CostCenter) and automatically detect non-compliant resources such as DynamoDB tables.
Furthermore, AWS Config supports automatic remediation through AWS Systems Manager Automation runbooks, enabling correction actions (for example, adding missing tags) without manual intervention. This automation minimizes operational overhead and ensures continuous compliance across multiple accounts.
Using a custom Lambda function (Options A or B) introduces unnecessary management complexity, while EventBridge rules alone (Option D) do not provide resource compliance tracking or historical visibility.
Therefore, Option C provides the most efficient, fully managed, and compliant CloudOps solution.
